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Understanding Uterine Fibroids: A Common Women’s Health Concern
Uterine fibroids are a common, non-cancerous growth that develop in or around the uterus, mainly during a woman's reproductive years. While the term might sound scary, fibroids are generally benign (not harmful) and very common—affecting up to 70–80% of women by the age of 50. However, many women may not even know they have them unless they cause noticeable symptoms or are discovered during a routine check-up.
What Are Uterine Fibroids?
Fibroids, also called leiomyomas or myomas, are tumors made up of muscle and fibrous tissue. They can vary greatly in size—from as small as a seed to as large as a melon. A woman may have one fibroid or many, and they can grow slowly or rapidly.
There are different types of fibroids depending on where they grow:
- Intramural fibroids grow within the muscle wall of the uterus.
- Submucosal fibroids bulge into the inner cavity of the uterus and may cause heavy bleeding.
- Subserosal fibroids project to the outside of the uterus and can press on other organs.
- Pedunculated fibroids are attached to the uterus by a stalk.
What Causes Fibroids?
The exact cause of fibroids is still not fully understood, but several factors may play a role:
- Hormones: Estrogen and progesterone—hormones that stimulate the development of the uterine lining—appear to promote fibroid growth.
- Genetics: If your mother or sister had fibroids, you're more likely to develop them.
- Race and Ethnicity: Fibroids are more common and often more severe in Black women.
- Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, a diet high in red meat, and low consumption of fruits and vegetables may increase the risk.
Common Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids
Many fibroids don’t cause symptoms and may not need treatment. But for others, fibroids can cause:
- Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods
- Pelvic pain or pressure
- Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
- Constipation
- Pain during intercourse
- Lower back or leg pain
- Enlargement of the abdomen (appearing pregnant)
In rare cases, fibroids can interfere with fertility or complicate pregnancy.
How Are Fibroids Diagnosed?
If your doctor suspects fibroids, they may perform a pelvic exam and recommend imaging tests such as:
- Ultrasound: The most common and simplest way to see fibroids.
- MRI: Offers more detail, especially for large or multiple fibroids.
- Hysterosonography or Hysteroscopy: Help view the inside of the uterus.
Treatment Options for Uterine Fibroids
Not all fibroids need treatment. If they’re not causing symptoms, doctors may recommend simply monitoring them. But when treatment is needed, options include:
1. Medications
- To control symptoms like heavy bleeding or pain.
- Hormone-based treatments can shrink fibroids but may have side effects.
2. Non-surgical Procedures
- Uterine artery embolization (UAE): Cuts off blood supply to the fibroids, causing them to shrink.
- MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery (FUS): A non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to destroy fibroids.
3. Surgical Options
- Myomectomy: Surgical removal of fibroids, preserving the uterus—often preferred for women who want to have children.
- Hysterectomy: Complete removal of the uterus; this is the only permanent cure for fibroids and is considered when other treatments fail or fibroids are very large.
Living with Fibroids
Managing fibroids often means balancing symptoms with your lifestyle and family planning goals. Many women live comfortably with fibroids, especially with regular medical monitoring. It’s important to listen to your body and seek care if your symptoms interfere with daily life.
Final Thoughts
Uterine fibroids are a common and often manageable condition. While they can be frustrating, especially when they cause heavy periods or pain, there are many options for relief. Staying informed and working closely with your healthcare provider can help you find the best approach for your individual needs. With the right care, most women with fibroids can live full, healthy lives.
If you suspect you may have fibroids or are experiencing unusual symptoms, don’t hesitate to consult your doctor. Early diagnosis can help you avoid complications and explore treatment options before the condition affects your quality of life.